What two variables predominantly impact the magnitude of attenuation from clouds?

The correct answer is based on the relationship between radar wavelength and cloud liquid water content in determining the degree of attenuation that radar signals experience as they pass through clouds.

Wavelength refers to the physical length of the radar signal emitted. Longer wavelengths tend to penetrate clouds more effectively, whereas shorter wavelengths are more significantly affected by smaller water droplets within clouds, leading to greater attenuation. This attenuation originates from scattering and absorption processes, which are particularly influenced by the dimensions of the hydrometeors relative to the radar wavelength.

Cloud liquid water content, on the other hand, quantifies the amount of liquid water present in the cloud volume. Increased liquid water content results in more water droplets being available to interact with the radar waves, heightening the chances of scattering and absorption. Thus, when the liquid water content is high, the attenuation experienced by the radar signal also increases significantly.

Together, these two variables—wavelength and cloud liquid water content—are critical in dictating how much the radar signal is weakened as it encounters cloud formations. The interplay between these factors ultimately determines the effectiveness of radar systems in accurately detecting precipitation within clouds.